Atlanta’s healthcare landscape features extensive hospital-physician integration, creating specific Stark Law and Anti-Kickback risks. Physicians joining these networks face compliance issues with compensation arrangements that may include productivity bonuses tied to referral volumes, especially with Emory Healthcare, Piedmont, Northside, and WellStar systems. Atlanta physicians should exercise particular caution with medical directorships, office space leases within hospital-owned buildings, and EHR subsidies. The Northern District prosecutors scrutinize whether compensation exceeds fair market value for the Atlanta market, specifically, not just national averages